St. Anselm of Canterbury

April 21 was the Feast of St. Anselm of Canterbury. Anselm is known for, among other things, the ontological proof of the existence of God: “God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived.” He is also largely responsible for articulating the theory of penal substitutionary atonement (Cur Deus Homo). But for all of his intellectual brilliance, he was also a deeply spiritual man, and is credited with investing prayer in the west with a depth of feeling not expressed since the patristic period. His Proslogion, in which he sets out the ontological argument, is a tapestry of logical argument woven together with prayer. He concludes the work with the following:

“I pray, 0 God, to know you, to love you, that I may rejoice in you. And if I cannot attain to full joy in this life may I at least advance from day to day, until that joy shall come to the full. Let the knowledge of you advance in me here, and there be made full. Let the love of you increase, and there let it be full, that here my joy may be great in hope, and there full in truth. Lord, through your Son you do command, nay, you do counsel us to ask; and you do promise that we shall receive, that our joy may be full. I ask, O Lord, as you do counsel through our wonderful Counsellor. I will receive what you do promise by virtue of your truth, that my joy may be full. Faithful God, I ask. I will receive, that my joy may be full. Meanwhile, let my mind meditate upon it; let my tongue speak of it. Let my heart love it; let my mouth talk of it. Let my soul hunger for it; let my flesh thirst for it; let my whole being desire it, until I enter into your joy, O Lord, who are the Three and the One God, blessed for ever and ever. Amen.”

A. N. Wilson

The article I discussed in my sermon this morning is available here. I had read a couple of his novels years ago and was impressed with his writing skills. As I recall there was one that involved a vicar, always a favorite genre of mine.

Mark “The Bird” Fydrich

Ok, I know this blog is supposed to be about theological and religious stuff. But The Bird died today, and the news took me back 33 years to my youth. I grew up a Tigers fan. I remember as if it were yesterday their seven game victory in the 1968 world series, and if pressed I could probably name the 25 man roster for the series. The Tigers were in one of their down periods in the mid 70s and Fydrich’s appearance on the scene gave us all a dose of hope. He had an incredible season in 1976 and it was a tragedy that he never followed it up successfully. But for one year, at a time when we in the Midwest were struggling as many do today, he brought a beacon of hope to our lives. May he rest in peace. You may read the obit on AP but for the full story you need to go to the Detroit Free Press. Start here.

The Easter Vigil

We love Easter! We love the opportunity to get dressed up, to come to a packed church and sing the Easter hymns, full of joy and celebration at the end of a long, dreary, and penitential Lent. We want to shout Alleluia and rejoice with all of our hearts and souls. We want to hear again the familiar story of the resurrection and the Risen Christ’s appearance to the disciples. We want all that—but Mark doesn’t give it to us.

Instead of stories about the Risen Christ’s appearance to disciples, to Mary and Peter, Mark gives us only an empty tomb and those disturbing last words. Tonight’s gospel reading seems to leave us in the same uncertainty, with the same questions that we had on Good Friday. What is the meaning of the cross? Who is this Jesus Christ? What happened? What does it all mean? For Mark’s answers to those questions, we need to look not here, in the story of the resurrection, but go back to Good Friday and the cross.

In a way, however, our whole service to this point has been answering these questions, and answering them in ways consistent with Mark’s understanding of Jesus. The drama of the Great Vigil of Easter, like the lighting of the paschal candle from the new fire and the slow steady, brightening of the church symbolizes a central paradox of our faith.

Deacon Lee begin our service with the simple chanted phrase “The Light of Christ.” The paschal candle which we lit for the first time tonight, will burn at every service throughout the great fifty days of Easter, and in the coming year at every baptism and funeral. It will serve constantly as a reminder of our resurrection faith. It serves that way tonight.

But the flickering light of the candle is a powerful symbol that our resurrection faith, no matter how powerful, is still a fragile thing. It cannot, of itself, transform the darkness of this night into the bright light of day. That, I think, is part of the reason for Mark’s writing his gospel in the way he did. It’s not that Mark didn’t know about the resurrection; it’s that he thought the resurrection was not meant to make our faith, our Christian lives, easier. Quite the contrary.

Everything in his story is geared toward making it harder for us. He begins with an empty tomb. As I always ask people when we are talking about the resurrection, what is the obvious explanation for an empty tomb. If you were to read a story in tomorrow’s Greenville news about a grave down in Woodlawn Cemetery that was empty, no one would think a resurrection had occurred. No, everyone would suspect, we would all assume, that the body had been stolen. And we’ve had enough macabre stories in the Greenville News in the last few years to make that utterly believable.

So there’s an empty tomb, and a young man who tells a group of women that the tomb is empty because Jesus is risen from the dead. And they don’t tell anyone; they are full of fear. It’s a story that is meant to make us think nothing happened.

And here we are, a little band of people gathered together to celebrate in the midst of darkness the miracle of the resurrection. All around us in Greenville, is a perfectly ordinary Saturday night. Most people, even  most of St. James’ parishioners are going about their regular routine for a Saturday, perhaps dinner and a movie, perhaps a party, perhaps a quiet night at home. They are oblivious to what’s going on here. Most of them probably have no idea. Almost every time I tell someone about the Great Vigil, even cradle Episcopalians, or long time members of St. James, the overwhelming majority will say they’ve never heard of it. They have no idea what we are doing here tonight. Most of them have no idea we are even here.

That’s one of the things I love about the vigil. In spite of the fact that our church, most churches will be full tomorrow, in spite of the fact that most people in Greenville county label themselves Christian, for one night a year, this night, in many ways we are like the early Christians.

Certainly our worship tonight is very like the worship of the early Christians. Our liturgy tonight goes back to the first centuries of our faith. We are here to celebrate the resurrection of Christ in a way and in a world that wants to do things very differently.

Like the flickering of the paschal candle in a dark night, like the wavering voice of our deacon chanting, “The Light of Christ” our faith in the resurrection is a fragile thing. We look for evidence of the Risen Christ but everywhere we look, the certain proof of Christ’s rising eludes us. Christians look to the miraculous—the shroud of Turin, or the endless quest for the burial place of Jesus. Instead, we are left with faint traces. A story in Mark about an empty tomb, with no companion story of an appearance of the Risen Christ to his disciples.

We look for certainty, but instead we find emptiness, the emptiness of the tomb. And we also hear the words of the young man. He is not here. He is risen and he is going before you to Galilee, you will see him there. The journey that the disciples began those months ago; the journey that seemed to culminate in Jerusalem, will continue on into the future. On that journey, Jesus’ disciples will encounter him, the Risen Christ.

Mark knows that Jesus was risen from the dead. Mark’s first readers were certain of that as well. All of them had encountered the risen Christ on their journeys. We are like those women searching for Jesus at the empty tomb, searching for the certainty of faith in some piece of evidence that will finally drive all of our doubt away. But just as the empty tomb fails to give us certainty, so too do the other stories of the resurrection. Do not look for the Risen Christ in the words of scripture. He is not there, he is risen, he has gone before us. Look for the Risen Christ in the bread and wine of the Eucharistic feast, in the body of Christ here assembled, in the faces of the people we encounter every day.

For Mark, the death on the cross was made meaningful, vindicated by the resurrection. Christ’s love for the world, his obedience to God, culminated in his execution at the hands of the Roman Empire. To understand the cross is to understand the paradox of the empty tomb. What seems to everyone else a meaningless death, promises us life. Or as Paul put it, power made perfect in weakness.

It may be that the crowds tomorrow morning, the full churches and fancy clothes, the brass instruments and the Easter hymns, will succeed for a time in driving away doubt and uncertainty. I suspect that one reason so many people come to church on Easter is that they seek reassurance that no matter how bad things may be, no matter how much has changed, Easter with its crowds and joy will put all their fears and uncertainties to rest.

We know better, and Mark knew better. The Christian faith lives on in the midst of paradox, and doubt, and uncertainty. It proclaims its faith in spite of all evidence to the contrary.  We will leave tonight, going out into the streets of a city going about its ordinary routines on a Saturday night. Nothing will have changed. But yet, as the Paschal Candle burned in the darkness, so too do our hearts burn within us. They burn with the love of Christ that we encounter here, in word and sacrament. They burn with the knowledge and the hope that Christ is Risen. Thanks be to God!

Good Friday

At some point during Lent, I always return to John Donne. This year, I didn’t find my way back to his poetry until Holy Week. Appropriate Good Friday reading:

GOOD-FRIDAY, 1613, RIDING WESTWARD.
by John Donne

LET man’s soul be a sphere, and then, in this,
Th’ intelligence that moves, devotion is ;
And as the other spheres, by being grown
Subject to foreign motion, lose their own,
And being by others hurried every day,
Scarce in a year their natural form obey ;
Pleasure or business, so, our souls admit
For their first mover, and are whirl’d by it.
Hence is’t, that I am carried towards the west,
This day, when my soul’s form bends to the East.
There I should see a Sun by rising set,
And by that setting endless day beget.
But that Christ on His cross did rise and fall,
Sin had eternally benighted all.
Yet dare I almost be glad, I do not see
That spectacle of too much weight for me.
Who sees Gods face, that is self-life, must die ;
What a death were it then to see God die ?
It made His own lieutenant, Nature, shrink,
It made His footstool crack, and the sun wink.
Could I behold those hands, which span the poles
And tune all spheres at once, pierced with those holes ?
Could I behold that endless height, which is
Zenith to us and our antipodes,
Humbled below us ? or that blood, which is
The seat of all our soul’s, if not of His,
Made dirt of dust, or that flesh which was worn
By God for His apparel, ragg’d and torn ?
If on these things I durst not look, durst I
On His distressed Mother cast mine eye,
Who was God’s partner here, and furnish’d thus
Half of that sacrifice which ransom’d us ?
Though these things as I ride be from mine eye,
They’re present yet unto my memory,
For that looks towards them ; and Thou look’st towards me,
O Saviour, as Thou hang’st upon the tree.
I turn my back to thee but to receive
Corrections till Thy mercies bid Thee leave.
O think me worth Thine anger, punish me,
Burn off my rust, and my deformity ;
Restore Thine image, so much, by Thy grace,
That Thou mayst know me, and I’ll turn my face.

Maundy Thursday

He Loved them to the end
April 9, 2009
St. James

Foot washing is not a longstanding tradition at St. James. I understand there was a time when Maundy Thursday services often included it, but that hadn’t been the case in recent years. Last year we re-introduced the tradition, and we are continuing it this year, and I suppose in future years as well.
I suspect that for many people, the very notion of washing someone else’s feet is offensive. It seems to shatter some basic barrier of decorum, good manners, or personal space. Some few of us, have perhaps had to take care of other people in such intimate ways—our children, of course, but also loved ones who are no longer able to take care of themselves. Usually though, people who earn their livings taking care of others’ physical needs, health care workers, or even day care workers are looked down, certainly in our society they receive less pay than people in other jobs.
Today is Maundy Thursday, the beginning of the great Triduum that culminates with the Easter Vigil. We are participating again in the ritual commemoration of the last days of Jesus’ life beginning with the last supper he had with his disciples. Tonight we remember the events of the Last Supper that Jesus shared with his disciples. The synoptic gospels tell the story of the institution of the Eucharist. In tonight’s reading from the Gospel of John, we hear of a very different event.
The beginning of chapter 13 of John’s gospel marks a significant shift in tone and message. In the first half of the gospel, Jesus comes into conflict again and again with his opponents. As that conflict increases, his words of judgment against his opponents and the unbelieving world become more and more harsh. Now however, the scene shifts and from this point on, except for his confrontation with the high priests and Pilate, Jesus will speak only with his disciples, and he will leave words of judgment behind.
Instead, the theme that takes center stage from here on out is love. The chapter begins with that remarkable comment by the gospel writer, “having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end.” The Eucharistic Prayer we’ve been using this Lent quotes that verse before beginning the institution narrative. What’s remarkable about it is that it tells the reader something new, and something the gospel writer perhaps didn’t think was obvious—that Jesus loved his disciples. What comes next in the gospel of John, John’s version of the Last Supper, and indeed Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection in a way explain what the gospel writer meant by saying “having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end. The culmination, the completion, fulfillment, even perfection of Christ’s love is shown for John in the events that unfold in the following chapters.

We will have more to say about the rest in the coming days, but now I want to focus our attention on that odd, offensive act of foot washing. Yes, it’s offensive. It offends our sense of propriety and our sense of personal space. It challenges taboos. But the gospel writer seems to have anticipated our discomfort with it, for he writes the disciples’ discomfort into the story. Peter’s problem with Jesus’ actions was that they seemed to subvert the teacher student, master-disciple relationship. Peter didn’t understand what Jesus was doing, and presumably the other disciples were no more perceptive.
Although we don’t call foot washing a sacrament, it is one. It is a sacrament of service, a sacrament of love. In the gospel of John, it serves to tell us something about the relationship between Jesus and his disciples; it is the way by which Jesus begins to demonstrate his love for those around him. By putting himself in the place of service, by kneeling, yes by abasing himself, Jesus was acting out servanthood. He was showing in this way the same love that would lead him finally to the cross.

The foot washing was not just a sacrament of Christ’s love for his friends. John means for it to be a sacrament of the love Jesus’ followers have for one another. Why do I call it a sacrament? If you are a cradle Episcopalian of a certain age, you may probably still be able to recite the words of the catechism: They are outward and visible signs of inward and spiritual grace. In this instance the gesture of washing feet is a sign of Christ’s love for us, and our love for one another.

We know that rituals are important things. As members of a liturgical tradition, we believe strongly that what we do in worship, not simply what we say or sing, but what our bodies do, all of that matters in worship. Whether we kneel or stand, genuflect, or bow, the very way we do things in worship is very important. That’s why there is so often intense conflict when we change things. The cry “but we’ve always done it that way” is not simply the cry of a hidebound traditionalist, although sometimes of course, it is. Very often it comes from a worthwhile concern that we may not be simply changing what we do, but ultimately we may change what we believe.

Foot washing then means a great deal, whether or not we participate in it. To see people, clergy, kneeling in front of other people, transgressing the customary boundaries of personal intimacy, and washing the feet of one another, speaks loudly.

Our gospel reading began with a reference to Jesus’ love for “his own.” It closes with another reference to love. After washing his disciples’ feet, Jesus tells them what it means: “I give you a new commandment that you love one another.” Of course it is probably the case that foot washing will never be observed among us as universally as the great sacraments of baptism and Eucharist, but it is vitally important that we internalize its meaning. Sacramental actions, rituals are among the ways that we move beyond saying something and begin to live it.

To love one another as Christ loved us and to serve one another bind us together as Jesus’ disciples. It is easy to pay lip service to both love and service—or outreach. We do that easily and readily at St. James. More difficult is to show, to demonstrate, to act out that love. Being here this evening, participating in the ritual itself, or watching as others do, challenges us to think of ways of making our love incarnate in the world. Somewhat later in John’s gospel, when Jesus again tells his disciples to love one another, he goes further, saying “No one has greater love than this, to lay down one’s life for one’s friends.” The vision of love put forward in these chapters culminates tomorrow, on Good Friday. This evening, let us ponder and seek to embody, Christ’s commandment to love one another.

Tenebrae

On Wednesday evening, after a year’s hiatus, we again celebrated Tenebrae at St. James. It is a service derived from traditional services of matins and lauds during the Triduum (Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday), and was set for Wednesday in Holy Week in order to keep the focus from Thursday to Saturday on the central services of those days.

As such, it seems somewhat incongruous. The primary action of the service is the gradual extinguishing of candles, so that at the end, there is only a single candle burning, the Christ candle. The service ends with a loud noise, signifying thunder or earthquake. Tenebrae seems to point towards the death and burial of Jesus, even though in the ritual time of the week, those events lie in the future.

While some of the service seems problematic, the psalms and readings are a powerful reminder of human suffering. Psalm 74 with its graphic description of the destruction of the temple, and the readings from the Lamentations of Jeremiah, bring to mind the suffering of the exiles in the sixth century BCE. The destruction of the Temple, and the Exile were indeed traumatic events that became an occasion for deep reflection on God and on faith in God.

When early Christians sought to interpret their own experience of suffering, it was natural that they would turn to their primary liturgical text—the Psalter, and reinterpret the Psalms to fit their own experience. Perhaps the most profound example of that is Psalm 22, which begins, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?” It is the Psalm that is chanted during the Stripping of the Altar on Maundy Thursday, and again during the Good Friday liturgy.

Tenebrae is scary. It is psychologically disturbing, and occasionally seems manipulative. But chanting those Psalms and hearing the readings is also an opportunity to confront one’s deepest fears and deepest pain, and connect it with Christ’s suffering on the cross.

If you’ve never attended a Tenebrae service, there are online versions. Here’s one from the BBC.

Looking back on Lent

This evening is our last Lenten Wednesday service. On Sunday, as you know Palm Sunday begins Holy Week. Next Wednesday at 7:00 pm, if you come you will participate in the ancient service of Tenebrae, a service of readings and Psalms that culminates in darkness. Next Thursday is Maundy Thursday, when we commemorate the Last Supper. Holy Week is the holiest week of the year, and Lent serves as a period of personal and communal preparation for the events that Holy Week remembers.

I don’t know about you, but I am already putting Lent behind me and beginning to focus on Holy Week—for a single important reason, that the staff and clergy of St. James have a great deal to do between now and next week to prepare for all of the services. But as I think about the logistics of Tenebrae, or Maundy Thursday, or Good Friday, as I help to make sure that there will be readers, and servants in worship for all of the services, as I think about the sermons that I will be preaching, I wonder about something else.

Am I spiritually prepared for what is coming? As we look back on the weeks since Ash Wednesday, when we came forward and had ashes put on our foreheads as the priest said, “Remember that you are dust, and to dust you will return;” as we remember the priest’s admonition to a holy Lent, can we look back and say that we have had a holy Lent?

Some of us no doubt have had little trouble following our Lenten disciplines, but if you’re anything like me, these weeks have been filled with responsibilities large and small, all sorts of activities that have occasionally taken my mind and my soul far away from a focus on God.

Even the Collect for the Fifth Sunday in Lent, with its bidding “that, among the swift and varied changes of the world, our hearts may surely there be fixed where true joys are to be found;” seems to be somewhat retrospective, looking back at the past with less than complete certainty and asking God to give us the focus we need.

Easter will bring a dramatic change. At the Vigil next Saturday evening, we will hear and sing Alleluias for the first time since February. Our celebration of the resurrection will be full of joy and many of us will break their Lenten fast symbolically—I’m still trying to decide what kind of beer to have in the fridge for when I get home next Saturday evening. Joy will dominate throughout the great 50 days of Easter, but I wonder whether we will take the opportunity to look back at what we did and who we became during Lent.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday with an Invitation to a Holy Lent; it might be appropriate to end it, not with a bang or clang of the bells, but with a look back–an assessment, evaluation, or memorial of a Holy Lent.